Le Brésil est considéré comme un pays en développement, mais est devenue une puissance économique en tant que grand exportateur et l'agroalimentaire représente désormais 28 % du PIB. Brazil’s Ambassador to the WTO, Roberto Azevedo, is one of two candidates to become Director General of the WTO. The Brazilian government’s recent notification to the WTO of agricultural subsidies for the 2009/10 crop year has raised issues about Brazil’s positions on trade-distorting domestic support policies.
Le soutien agricole total du gouvernement brésilien tel que défini par l'OMC a été évalué à $10.0 billion for 2009/10. Almost half of that, $4.91 milliard, was in the ‘green box’ considered to be minimally trade distorting and not subject to limits. The largest category was domestic food aid at $1.72 milliard. That is typical of many countries, y compris l'U.S. Government holding of food stocks for food security purposes was reported at $653 million. This included $386 million ‘for acquisition of agricultural products from family farming’. There is a proposal at the WTO to greatly expand this category for developing countries. Other major categories in the green box were extension and advisory services at $800 million, infrastructure à $622 million, réforme agraire à $430 millions et recherche à $285 million.
En tant que pays en développement, Brazil can have some development programs under ‘special and differential treatment’ that are also exempt from limits. These programs totaled $1.65 milliard, dont la plupart concernaient des investissements dans l'amélioration de la structure rurale, acquérir des équipements et des machines et des services pour animaux à $1.44 milliard. Other programs included production credit for low-income or resource-poor farmers, rééchelonnement de la dette et subventions aux intrants.
Le Brésil avait $3.48 milliards de mesures globales de soutien (AMS) dans 2009/10 in domestic support that was classified in the ‘amber box’ as trade-distorting subsidies that must be limited and reduced over time. Non-product specific AMS totaled $2.53 milliard. Debt rescheduling programs accounted for $1.53 milliards du total de la MGS et du crédit à la production et à la commercialisation $822 million in AMS. Le reste $176 million was for direct outlays for a risk minimizing agribusiness program. Non-product specific support is considered ‘de minimis’ for developing countries if it is less than 10 percent of the total value of production. Non-specific product support was only 2.47 pourcentage de la valeur totale de la production $102 milliard.
La boîte ambre restante AMS était en $950 million of product-specific domestic support. Corn had the highest AMS at $293 million, suivi du coton à $269 million, café $137 million, riz $126 million, blé $75 million, canne à sucre $24 millions et haricots comestibles $23 million. Developing countries are allowed product-specific AMS up to 10 percent of the value of production of the product before the AMS is considered beyond the de minimis and reportable to the WTO. Cotton was the only crop beyond the limit at 11.5 pourcentage de la valeur de la production et sa valeur MGS de $269 millions de dollars était la seule MGS soumise au plafond AMS de la boîte orange de $912 million for trade-distorting domestic support. Sugar’s AMS of $24 millions pour un programme de péréquation des coûts de production, est un insignifiant 0.15 pourcentage de la valeur d'une récolte à $16.0 milliard.
Le Brésil a signalé une MGS totale faible pour 2009/10 was no great surprise because market prices have been relatively high since 2008. Those high prices reduce payments for crops with minimum price guarantees and the high value of the crop makes payments low as a percent of total value. Aussi, Le Brésil a le 10 pourcentage du déclencheur de valeur de minimis par rapport à un 5 limite de pourcentage pour les pays développés.
Selon les rapports des États-Unis. Attachés agricoles au Brésil, there are three main ongoing payment programs. The Subsidy Auction Program (DYNAMISME) est similaire aux États-Unis. programme de paiement compensatoire de prêt. The government pays the difference between the prevailing market price and the minimum price of the product. Payments were made for edible beans, maïs et blé en 2009/10.
La prime d'égalisation payée au producteur (PEPRO) est une prime accordée à l'agriculteur ou à la coopérative qui vend ses produits aux enchères publiques, where the government pays the difference between the reference value established by the government and the value of the premium. All the cotton payments in 2009/10, $269 million, were made under this program. Corn payments under the program were $38 million.
La prime de risque pour l'option privée (SOUTENIR) est un programme de soutien des prix géré par CONAB, équivalent à la Commodity Credit Corporation de l'USDA, which is linked to the Ministry of Agriculture. It represents the maximum amount that CONAB will pay to cooperatives and processors in order to guarantee a certain price to producers, which is above the market price. Sur 15 pourcentage du soja produit en 2006 et 2007 lorsque impliqué dans l'un des programmes, mais les producteurs de soja n'ont pas reçu de paiements depuis lors.
Alors que les paiements directs du gouvernement, sauf pour le coton, étaient relativement petits ou inexistants dans 2009/10 et depuis, that does not mean that farmers are just relying on market conditions. Brazil has had a continuing problem of farmers with heavy debt loads from past years of borrowing to rapidly expand production and low incomes due to weather conditions. Low-cost government lending and debt rescheduling shown with an AMS of $1.53 milliards en 2009/10 affectent chaque culture, including sugar and soybeans. The Brazilian government of President Dilma Rouseff is expected to announce later this month a government credit program for 2013/14 avec des taux d'intérêt subventionnés de 2.5 pour cent, vers le bas de 5.5 pour cent cette année, and larger than this year’s program of $58 milliard.
le 2009/10 la MGS totale soumise au plafond de la boîte orange pour le Brésil n'est pas une bonne indication de ce que pourrait être la MGS à l'avenir, tout comme les États-Unis. or any other country that has relatively low price and income guarantees at a time of high market prices. Lower prices will occur, et le gouvernement brésilien a montré 2006 et 2007 that they have the programs in place to buffer the adjustments that need to occur. Brazil could very quickly develop AMS limit problems.
Ross Korves est un commerce et analyste politique économique avec vérité sur le commerce & La technologie (www.truthabouttrade.org). Suivez nous: @TruthAboutTrade sur Twitter | La vérité sur le commerce & Technologie sur Facebook.
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