俄羅斯對製裁的報復

The Russian government’s response to sanctions imposed by western governments as a consequence of Russian actions in Ukraine was to impose agricultural product import restrictions on its people for one year. If the western governments really wanted to hurt the Russian people, they would have done exactly what President Putin has done. Industry experts estimate that Russia imports 40 percent of its food supply. This failure to understand who benefits from trade restrictions is why some policymakers opposed Russia joining the WTO in 2012.

Exports of U.S. agricultural products to Russia in calendar 2013 as measured by USDA totaled $1.2 十億, 關於 0.8 全美國的百分比. agricultural exports of $144.4 十億. Russia was the 23rd largest export market in dollar terms for U.S. 農產品. The loss of any market for foreign policy reasons is unfortunate, but this is not a key overall market for U.S. 農業.

The impact will be felt disproportionately by a few products. In the first six months of 2014, 中美. agricultural exports totaled $573 百萬, with soybeans at $134 百萬, 23 佔總數的百分比. Soybean exports totaled $157 million last year after being $20-40 million per year for the four years before that. Poultry meat and products were the second largest export category to Russia in the first six months of 2014 在 $129 百萬, 也 23 佔總數的百分比. Poultry meat exports were $310 在 2013, 與前三年大致相同, but less than half of the $761 million value exported in 2009. Pork and pork products was the third largest category at $62 百萬, 11 percent of total exports. Pork exports were only $18 million all of last year, as the U.S. was caught in a sanitary phytosanitary (SPS) dispute that was supposed to be resolved when Russia joined the WTO. That issue was resolved earlier this year and exports resumed. 之前 2013, pork exports were $200-275 million per year in recent years.

Tree nuts exports, mostly from California, were the fourth largest U.S. export category to Russia in the first half of 2014 在 $59 百萬, 另一個 10 出口百分比. They were $172 百萬 2013, up steadily from $47 百萬 2009. Prepared foods exports were $22 million in the first half of 2014, 4 percent of total exports. 出口量 $84 百萬 2013, also steadily increasing in recent years. Live animal exports from the U.S., mostly breeding animals, was the sixth largest category at only $16 百萬, 相比 $149 million for all of 2013. The peak year was 2012 在 $267 百萬. The only other category higher than $10 million for the first half of 2014 was tobacco at $14.3 百萬.

Two other categories far down the list are representative of the uncertainties of Russian markets in recent years. Dairy product exports were only $2 million in the first half of 2014. 美國. government could not even import U.S. made Greek yogurt for the U.S. team at the winter Olympics. 出口量 $81 百萬 2010, the only recent year with real market access. Beef and beef products is the other category with exports of less than $1 million in the first six months. Beef is caught in the same SPS tangle as pork. Exports were only $1.0 百萬 2013, 相比 $300 百萬 2012 和 $250 百萬 2011.

美國. is not the only economy facing bans; they were also placed on the EU, 澳大利亞, Canada and Norway. According to the EU Commission, the EU exported $15.8 billion of agricultural products to Russia in 2013. The ban on shipping food to Russia is much bigger issue for the EU than the U.S. 路透社 reported that in 2011 Russia bought 21.5 percent of EU vegetable exports and 28 percent of their fruit exports. Unless the restrictions are reduced, 美國. will likely face increased competition from EU products in Asian markets.

Russia claims import bans are allowed under the national security clause in Article XXI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). WTO members are allowed to unilaterally decide what actions to take, but some experts argue that retaliation in response to actions by WTO members against aggression is not covered by Article XXI. If someone like the EU does file suit at the WTO, the case would likely take longer than the one year ban. Russia would not likely comply with the ruling if it lost. The situation is further complicated by some of the trade flows being stopped due to supposed SPS compliance problems.

Russian President Putin and Prime Minister Medvedev have talked about increasing domestic production, but that is not likely given the time of year and the lead time needed to arrange for processing. Russia has been using subsidies to increase pork and poultry production and perhaps can accelerate that process. If the estimates are right that Russia imports 40 percent of its food, replacing most of the banned imports with domestic production or other imports is essential.

Russia is a leader of the BRIC group of countries (巴西, 俄國, 印度和中國). Brazil is a major exporter of soybeans, 糖, meat and fruits. Additional meat processing plants have already been approved for exports to Russia. India has become a significant exporter of grains and beef in recent years. Other countries in South America, like Argentina and Chile, could help fill some gaps. They cannot fill the seasonal fresh fruit and vegetable markets served by the EU. China may fill some of that market.

Russia wants to do all of this product replacement without causing price level change. Government agencies will be watching for speculators that try to raise market prices. All prices increased by 7.9 percent in the first half of 2014. Many food wholesalers and retailers have already raised prices.

Russia can find replacements for the basic items like meats and soybeans as suppliers shift sourcing. The EU as a source of fruits and vegetables and other consumer-oriented items is the real key to what happens in the next year. The Russian government was smart to limit the bans to only one year. Once tensions lessen some, Russia will need to reduce the length of time for many of the EU bans.

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