後卡斯特羅時代與古巴的農產品貿易

The ongoing health problems of the current 81 year-old President of Cuba Fidel Castro has raised optimism about the potential for U.S. agricultural trade with Cuba in the years ahead. The close proximity of Cuba puts the U.S. in a strong position to increase trade, but the more important issue is the economic policies of a post-Castro government.

Cuba is a relatively small market with a population of 11.4 萬人. 為了比較, the island country of Taiwan has 22.9 萬人, Hong Kong has 6.9 million and Singapore has 4.5 百萬. Its land area of 42,800 square miles is slightly smaller than Pennsylvania, which has a population of 12.4 百萬. Cuba has a GDP of $1,500 per capita on an economic trade basis, 但 $3,500 on a purchasing power parity (購買力平價) basis because many goods and services are subsidized by the government. Again for comparison, Hong Kong’s GDP on a PPP basis is $34,000 and Singapore’s is $28,600. Three-fourths of the labor force is employed by the government. The economy is still recovering from a severe recession from 1989 至 1993 caused by the withdrawal of subsidies by the former Soviet Union.

關於 28 percent of Cuba’s land is arable. Agriculture is 5.5 佔國內生產總值的百分比, but has 21 勞動力百分比, å’Œ 30 percent of the population lives in rural areas. Sugar production, once the mainstay of agriculture, has declined from 8 萬噸 1989 至 1.5 萬噸 2006. Citrus production was promoted as an alternative to sugar and prospered during the 1970s and 1980s with large shipments to the Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries. Those exports collapsed with the ending of subsidies, and Cuba has been forced to ship products to the competitive EU markets.

Despite the general U.S. trade embargo against Cuba begun 45 幾年前, cash sales of food are permitted under the Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000 and the FY 2001 agricultural appropriations act. Cuba imports food to provide a minimum diet for the people, 和美國. commodities are competitively priced with low transportation costs. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) reports that malnutrition among children in Cuba is relatively low for a developing country at just under 5 百分. 關於 9 percent of women and 6 percent of men are considered to be chronically energy deficient, while 37 percent of women and 32 percent of men are overweight.

中美. agricultural exports to Cuba were $343.2 million in fiscal year 2006. Just over half, $175.4 百萬, were bulk commodities with course grains at $50.5 百萬, 白飯 $43.6 百萬, 小麥 $43.3 百萬, 大豆 $22.6 百萬, 和豆類 $14.9 百萬. The remaining amount was split between intermediate products at $84.3 million and consumer-oriented products at $83.5 百萬. The intermediate products were dominated by soybean oil at $38.6 million and soybean meal at $30.4 百萬. Poultry meat exports of $40 million accounted for almost half of the consumer-oriented products followed by dairy products at $24.2 萬和紅肉 $15.5 百萬.

According to FAO data, total Cuban agricultural imports in 2004, the latest year available, 是 $927 百萬. In fiscal year 2004 USDA data show the U.S. 出口 $400 million of agricultural products to Cuba, implying a market share of about 40 百分. Total agricultural exports from Cuba in 2004 according to FAO were $620 百萬, with sugar at $349 百萬, cigars at $129 百萬, alcoholic beverages at $33 百萬, orange juice at $21 million and grapefruit juice at $17 百萬.

If President Castro were no longer in power, but there were no changes in political and economic policies, 中美. agricultural exports to Cuba would change little, 如果有的話, with or without the embargo. Cuban incomes would remain too low for greater demand for food to develop.

If a new government reformed basic political structures and allowed freedoms similar to the U.S., but did not make economic policy reforms, the market for food would still not grow. Cuba has hard currency foreign debt estimated at $12 billion and does not qualify for lending by institutions like the World Bank because it defaulted on its debt in 1986. It is rated as a poor investment risk and has to pay double digit interest rates on borrowings.

There is economic hope if economic policy reforms are implemented. Nickel is the biggest export item estimated at $1.0 在十億 2005. Other export items include sugar, 煙草, 魚, medical products, citrus and coffee.

The current government has discovered tourism as a major economic force for growth and source of hard currency to pay for imports. Tourist visits totaled 2.3 百萬 2005 and generated over $2.0 十億美元的收入. 也, funds transferred from Cubans living outside the country, mostly in the U.S., 生產 $600 百萬至 $1.0 billion per year in hard currencies.

Despite the hard currency debt overhang, an economic policy based on economic freedom would attract outside capital to the country. New investments could rebuild the citrus industry, 和美國. would become a major market for the output. The tourist industry would also attract new investments. These would be engines of economic growth that are necessary to increase incomes to improve the demand for food.

Increasing food demand to the level of other economically successful small nations will not be a quick process, but U.S. producers should not ignore the market. As small countries like Taiwan with U.S. 農業進口 $2.4 billion per year have shown, economic growth increases demand for the quantity and variety of food and increases trade.