Kanada hükümeti, Trans-Pasifik Ortaklığı katılmak istedi edilecek bir bütün dışarı çaba (TPP) free trade agreement negotiations. The U.S., Australia and New Zealand believe the Canadian government’s supply management programs for dairy and poultry that limit imports to maintain high domestic market prices should be part of the negotiations.
Canada’s national supply management program for milk was started in 1972, yumurta 1973, türkiye de 1974 and young chicken meat in 1978. The supply management programs have three common factors: 1) Hükümet seti piyasa fiyatlarının emsal çiftçi verilen emek maliyetleri ve eÅŸitlik ve yönetime dönüş dahil üretim formülünün bir maliyetle tarafından belirlenir; 2) üretim iç pazar maliyet belirlenen piyasa fiyatlarıyla tüketmek ne ile sınırlı; ve 3) border tariffs to keep out less expensive foreign products. It is the third factor that makes the programs an issue to be addressed in the TPP talks.
Bu programlar özellikle Kanada ABD dışındaki dışı bırakıldı. Serbest Ticaret AnlaÅŸması içinde 1987 that was the basis for NAFTA that came into force at the beginning of 1994. Canada used GATT-legal import volume quotas to limit access to markets. With the creation of the WTO, Bu kotalar tarife oranı kotaları dönüştü edildi (TRQs) aşırı kota tarifeleri ile 150-300 yüzde. The supply management commodities account for about 20 Kanada'da tarımsal üretim deÄŸerinin yüzde, ve hükümet için serbest ticaret teÅŸvik 80 percent of agricultural production while maintaining import restrictions for the supply management commodities. If the WTO Doha Round talks had moved to conclusion, Canada would have been pressured to lower over quota tariffs rates or have the products identified as ‘sensitive’ with limited tariff reductions.
Yüksek devlet seti fiyatlarının kota sonuçlandı çünkü arz yönetilen malların Üreticileri değişikliğe karşıyız (ürünleri üreten ve satan hakkı) taking on a value of its own as quota is free to be bought and sold. That has happened throughout the world, U.S. dahil olmak üzere, when governments restrict domestic production and limit imports to achieve politically determined market prices. Consumers pay higher prices and that income is attached to the quota as the most limiting factor for production. If the Canadian government changed the supply management programs to accommodate its trading partners, the quota holders could demand payments for the lost value of the quota. Similar actions were taken for sugar in the EU, Avustralya'da süt, U.S. ve fıstık ve tütün.
ABD dışındaki göre. agricultural attaché in Canada, süt tahıl ve kırmızı etler sonra Kanadalı tarımda büyük üçüncü üründür, Sıvı süt tüketimi için muhasebe ile 40 Ãœretim yüzdesi. Dan beri 1999 Süt inek sayısı düşüş vardır 17 yüzde, süt üretimi artarken 2.4 yüzde. Sondan Sonra 10 yıl, Süt iÅŸletme sayısı azalmıştır 36 yüzde.
Kanada süt ürünleri ithalatı 2010 were C$610 million and exports were C$227 million. Much of the exports were for products that were imported at world market prices under a re-export program begun in 2003. This allows processors to achieve economies of scale and be competitive in export markets.
Genç tavuk eti sektöründe, üretim hacmi kararları her 8 haftalık döngüsünden önce yapılır, with prices received for each cycle based on the government calculated costs of production. The national volume is allocated to each of ten producing provinces where allocations are made to individual producers. The industry is not integrated and independent chicken farmers supply birds to processors. The price guarantee applies only at the farm level; tedarik zincirinin diğer tüm segmentleri için fiyatların normal arz ve talep faktörleri yansıtan.
Ãœretim büyüdü 5.8 1990'larda yılda yüzde ve yavaÅŸladı 1.6 percent per year for the last ten years. Production was up less than 1 yüzde 2011. Young chicken meat is consistently higher priced for consumers than beef and pork which are not part of supply management programs. The TRQ under NAFTA is 7.5 percent of last year’s production, hakkında 77,000 MT for 2012. Over-quota tariffs are 240-250 yüzde. Imports are about 135,000 metrik ton (MT) yıl başına, ile 85 ABD dışındaki gelen yüzde. ve baÅŸka 12 percent from Brazil. Exports are about 155,000 ile MT 40 ABD dışındaki olacak yüzde. süt kullanılan aynı yeniden ihraç programı kapsamında.
tedarik yönetimi programlar neden bozulmaları deÄŸerlendirmek için iki pazar testleri kotalarının deÄŸer ve tanıtılan yeniden ihraç programı vardır 2003 ABD ile Kanada iÅŸlemciler rekabetçi hale getirmek için, Brazilian and EU food exporters. The re-export program is a political work-around of the outcomes from politically determined market prices. According to Statistics Canada’s balance sheet for agriculture on December 31, 2010, the quotas for the supply management programs have a market value of C$30 billion. The value has been rising in recent years, o C $ 24,8 milyar oldu 2004, indicating that farmers think the programs will continue and increase in value. The provinces with the biggest quota values are Ontario at C$10.4 billion and Quebec at C$9.3 billion.
Governments have the right to run income transfer programs anyway they wish. When governments enter into talks with other governments about free trade agreements, they give up some of those prerogatives to gain the benefits of increased economic efficiencies through trade. That normally means giving increased market access, the hard currency of trade talks. Running a supply management program for a commodity without import restraints has not been possible. Canada will need to change its programs or make some huge market access changes in other areas to offset the market access not given for the supply management commodities.
Kanada falan, yerini korumak için genel DYP serbest ticaret anlaşması konusunda bir anlaşmaya varmak gerekir. supply chains that will be driven in part by the national content rules for the current TPP participants and possible new ones. The only question is what will be the politically acceptable trade-offs on agricultural commodities.
Ross Korves Ticaret ve Teknoloji Hakkında Truth ile ekonomik bir politika analisti olan