Brazil’s Agricultural Subsidies

브라질은 개발 도상국으로 간주됩니다, 그러나 주요 수출국으로 경제 강국이 되었고 이제 농식품이 28 percent of GDP. Brazil’s Ambassador to the WTO, 로베르토 아제베도, is one of two candidates to become Director General of the WTO. The Brazilian government’s recent notification to the WTO of agricultural subsidies for the 2009/10 crop year has raised issues about Brazil’s positions on trade-distorting domestic support policies.

WTOê°€ 정의한 브라질 정부의 총 농장 지원은 다음과 같이 평가되었습니다. $10.0 billion for 2009/10. Almost half of that, $4.91 ì‹­ì–µ, was in the ‘green box’ considered to be minimally trade distorting and not subject to limits. The largest category was domestic food aid at $1.72 ì‹­ì–µ. That is typical of many countries, 시청합니다 포함. Government holding of food stocks for food security purposes was reported at $653 백만. This included $386 million ‘for acquisition of agricultural products from family farming’. There is a proposal at the WTO to greatly expand this category for developing countries. Other major categories in the green box were extension and advisory services at $800 백만, 인프라 $622 백만, 농업 개혁 $430 백만 및 연구 $285 백만.

개발도상국으로, Brazil can have some development programs under ‘special and differential treatment’ that are also exempt from limits. These programs totaled $1.65 ì‹­ì–µ, 대부분은 농촌 구조 개선에 대한 투자였습니다., 장비, 기계류 및 동물 서비스 획득 $1.44 ì‹­ì–µ. Other programs included production credit for low-income or resource-poor farmers, 부채 ì¡°ì • 및 투입 보조금.

브라질은 $3.48 10ì–µ 개의 총 지원 측정 (AMS) 에 2009/10 in domestic support that was classified in the ‘amber box’ as trade-distorting subsidies that must be limited and reduced over time. Non-product specific AMS totaled $2.53 ì‹­ì–µ. Debt rescheduling programs accounted for $1.53 총 AMS와 생산 및 마케팅 크레딧 중 10ì–µ 달러는 또 다른 $822 million in AMS. 나머지 $176 million was for direct outlays for a risk minimizing agribusiness program. Non-product specific support is considered ‘de minimis’ for developing countries if it is less than 10 percent of the total value of production. Non-specific product support was only 2.47 총 생산 가치의 퍼센트 $102 ì‹­ì–µ.

나머지 호박색 상자 AMS는 $950 million of product-specific domestic support. Corn had the highest AMS at $293 백만, ë©´í™” 다음에 $269 백만, 커피 $137 백만, 쌀 $126 백만, ë°€ $75 백만, 사탕 수수 $24 백만과 식용 콩 $23 백만. Developing countries are allowed product-specific AMS up to 10 percent of the value of production of the product before the AMS is considered beyond the de minimis and reportable to the WTO. Cotton was the only crop beyond the limit at 11.5 생산 가치의 백분율 및 AMS 가치 $269 백만은 앰버 박스 AMS 한도의 적용을 받는 유일한 AMS였습니다. $912 million for trade-distorting domestic support. Sugar’s AMS of $24 생산 비용 균등화 프로그램을 위해 백만, 무의미하다 0.15 작물 가치의 퍼센트 $16.0 ì‹­ì–µ.

브라질, 낮은 총 AMS 보고 2009/10 was no great surprise because market prices have been relatively high since 2008. Those high prices reduce payments for crops with minimum price guarantees and the high value of the crop makes payments low as a percent of total value. 또한, 브라질은 10 에 비해 최소 트리거 값의 백분율 5 선진국에 대한 백분율 제한.

미국의 보고에 따르면. 브라질의 농업 부착물, there are three main ongoing payment programs. The Subsidy Auction Program (원기) 미국과 비슷하다. 대출 부족 상환 프로그램. The government pays the difference between the prevailing market price and the minimum price of the product. Payments were made for edible beans, 옥수수와 밀 2009/10.

프로듀서에게 지급되는 이퀄라이제이션 프리미엄 (페프로) 공개 경매에서 제품을 판매하는 농부 또는 협동 조합에 부여되는 프리미엄입니다., where the government pays the difference between the reference value established by the government and the value of the premium. All the cotton payments in 2009/10, $269 백만, were made under this program. Corn payments under the program were $38 백만.

비공개 옵션에 대한 위험 프리미엄 (소품) CONAB에서 관리하는 가격 지원 프로그램입니다., USDA의 Commodity Credit Corporation에 해당, which is linked to the Ministry of Agriculture. It represents the maximum amount that CONAB will pay to cooperatives and processors in order to guarantee a certain price to producers, which is above the market price. 약 15 에서 생산된 대두의 퍼센트 2006 과 2007 프로그램 중 하나에 관련된 경우, 그러나 대두 생산자는 그 이후로 대금을 받지 못했습니다..

정부에서 직접 지급하는 동안, 면을 제외하고, 에 상대적으로 작거나 존재하지 않았다. 2009/10 그리고 ê·¸ 이후로, that does not mean that farmers are just relying on market conditions. Brazil has had a continuing problem of farmers with heavy debt loads from past years of borrowing to rapidly expand production and low incomes due to weather conditions. Low-cost government lending and debt rescheduling shown with an AMS of $1.53 억에서 2009/10 모든 작물에 영향, including sugar and soybeans. The Brazilian government of President Dilma Rouseff is expected to announce later this month a government credit program for 2013/14 의 보조금 이자율로 2.5 퍼센트, ~에서 내려오다 5.5 올해 퍼센트, and larger than this year’s program of $58 ì‹­ì–µ.

그만큼 2009/10 브라질에 대한 황색 상자 한도가 적용되는 총 AMS는 AMS가 미래에 어떻게 될 수 있는지에 대한 좋은 지표가 아닙니다., 미국처럼. or any other country that has relatively low price and income guarantees at a time of high market prices. Lower prices will occur, 그리고 브라질 정부는 2006 과 2007 that they have the programs in place to buffer the adjustments that need to occur. Brazil could very quickly develop AMS limit problems.

로스 Korves 무역에 대해 진실과 무역 및 경제 정책의 분석입니다 & 과학 기술 (www.truthabouttrade.org). 도움이 필요하세요?: 트위터에 @TruthAboutTrade | 전시회에 관하여 진실 & 페이스 북에 기술.