コロンビアの農業市場, パナマとS. 韓国

Agricultural interests in recent weeks have pressured Congress to move ahead with free trade agreements (FTA) コロンビアと, Panama and South Korea that have been stalled for over three years. These markets vary in size, but they are all long-term markets where open access will be important in securing market share. These countries have offered to reduce import tariffs, 米けど. has not agreed.

South Korea is clearly the biggest current market of the three for U.S. agriculture with exports of $4.38 億で 2009 and imports of only $346 百万, mostly seafood and consumer-oriented products. 粗粒, 主にトウモロコシ, 占め、 25 米国のパーセント. で輸出する $1.11 十億, followed by soybeans and products at $448 百万円、赤身の肉で $437 百万. ç±³. red meat exports grew from $157 万人で 2005 as restrictions on beef imports from the U.S. have been eased. The other exports are spread out among virtually every product exported by U.S. 農業. 韓国の人口は 48.5 百万, the world’s 25th largest, and a per capita GDP on a purchasing power parity basis (PPP) の $28,000 1年当たり, 49th highest in the world.

ç±³. コロンビアへの農産物輸出 2009 were less than 25 percent of the exports to South Korean at $922 百万. アメリカ. has an agricultural trade deficit with Colombia because of coffee, nursery products (mainly cut flowers) and bananas and plantain imports of $1.53 billion out of total imports of $1.82 十億. Colombia is now a bulk commodity market with coarse grains at $215 百万, 小麦 $141 百万, 大豆とその製品 $141 百万, コットン $66 million and other feeds $52 million accounting for two-thirds of U.S. 輸出. In times of ample world supplies open access to this market is critical because other suppliers in North and South America are readily available. Colombia’s population is almost as large as South Korea at 43.7 million with a per capita GDP of $9,200 1年当たり.

The Panamanian market for U.S. agricultural products was about 40 percent of the Colombian market in 2009 に $379 百万, with imports from Panama of $118 百万, mostly seafood and consumer-oriented products. Like Colombia, most exports to Panama are bulk commodities with coarse grains at $69 百万, soybean oil and meal $54 百万, 小麦 $30 百万とご飯 $17 百万. Snack foods are the largest consumer-oriented category at $26 百万. Panama’s population is only 3.4 百万, the 134st largest country, and per capita GDP is $11,900 1年当たり.

The South Korean agricultural market is a textbook case of market development where the market began as a bulk commodity market to supplement domestic production. Over time as per capita GDP grew, the bulk market grew and demand increased for intermediate and consumer oriented products. Colombia and Panama are working through the bulk commodity phase of development with the shift beginning toward intermediate and consumer oriented products. Full access to the intermediate and consumer-oriented product markets cannot be achieved without the three countries shaking off their protectionist policies with FTAs.

Under the U.S.-Korea FTA, tariffs on corn, 小麦, soybeans for crushing and hides and skins would be zero, simply recognizing the reality that Korean consumers cannot prosper without these products. Rice remains a politically sensitive import and tariffs would not be change from WTO mandated levels. 消費者向け製品が占める割合 29 米国のパーセント. exports to Korea in 2009 and are expected to grow rapidly under the FTA. Tariffs for out-of-season oranges would be reduced to 30 percent and eliminated over six years and the 54 percent tariff on frozen orange juice dropped immediately. ザ・ 30 レモンとグレープフルーツの関税率は2年と5年かけて撤廃される. 他の果物や野菜については、関税の即時撤廃と最大で段階的廃止が混在することになるだろう。 18 å¹´. Frozen and fresh pork product tariffs would be reduced to zero by 2014. ザ・ 40 牛肉の筋肉肉に対する関税率はゼロオーバーに引き下げられる 15 å¹´. 家禽肉, eggs and dairy would have similar reductions in tariffs with tariff rate quotas (TRQs).

Colombia’s economy is not as developed and more transition time is needed for many products. Tariffs would be eliminated on wheat, nonfeed barley, 大豆, 大豆粕, 上質な牛肉, most fruit and vegetable products, ピーナッツ, whey, cotton and the majority of processed products. Duty-free TRQs would be created for standard beef, chicken leg quarters, 乳製品, コーン, ソルガム, animal feeds, ご飯, and soybean oil. Over-quota tariffs for standard beef would be eliminated over 15 å¹´, chicken leg quarters over 18 å¹´, dairy products over 15 å¹´, pork over 5 そして 10 å¹´, コーン, sorghum and animal feeds over 12 å¹´, soybean oil over 5 そして 10 years and rice over 19 å¹´.

Panama is similar to Colombia with tariffs on 63 米国のパーセント. agricultural trade eliminated immediately with most other tariffs declining over 15 å¹´. 小麦, 大麦, 大豆, soybean meal and crude soybean oil would be duty free immediately. High quality beef tariffs would be immediately reduced to zero, while standard quality beef tariffs would take 15 å¹´. For products with longer tariff phase outs, duty-free market access would be provided through TRQs. Corn and rice would have TRQs phased out over 15 そして 20 å¹´. Pork over quota tariffs would be phased out over 15 å¹´. Tariffs on some poultry products would be eliminated immediately and others’ over quota tariffs phased out over 18 å¹´. Dairy products have similar provisions. For fruits and vegetables, 80 percent of tariffs would be immediately eliminated and others reduced over 5 に 12 å¹´.

These countries have made a real paradigm shift in recognizing markets must be more open to provide benefits to consumers. They all have individual political needs to protect some products and provide long transitions for others. The Obama Administration and the U.S. Congress appear to have not caught on to that paradigm shift. These three countries have not remained static while the U.S. waits. If they cannot access food from the U.S., it will be done with other countries. South Korea signed a FTA with the EU and is working on one with Canada. Panama and Colombia have signed separate agreements with Canada.