Amerika Serikat. and Mexico have eliminated all tariffs on agricultural products, unique among U.S. perjanjian perdagangan bebas (FTA). Kanada-AS. FTA began in 1989, tapi di luar AS. restrictions remain on imports of dairy products, kacang kacangan, butter and cotton, and Canadian restrictions remain on dairy products, daging unggas, telur, and margarine. The major benefits of market integration for producers include additional markets, economies of scale, lower input costs and opportunities for direct foreign investment. Sebagai contoh, Mexico is now the number one market for U.S. apel. Consumers gain through lower prices from additional suppliers in markets and access to a greater variety of products and off-season supplies of fresh fruit and vegetables. One study found that Mexican products not imported by the U.S. di 1993 were about 18 percent of agricultural imports from Mexico in 2005.
Grains and oilseed trade is highly integrated with the U.S. and Mexico and with Canada, except for wheat where the Canadian Wheat Board operates as a national single buyer. selain AS. exports of wheat and rice to Mexico have quadrupled in the NAFTA era, while exports of feed grains, minyak sayur, and related products to Mexico have increased by 134 percent from an annual average of 8.3 million metric tons to an average of 19.5 juta metrik ton. These have allowed livestock and poultry producers to lower their costs of production, expand output and compete more effectively with meat imports. Hasil dari, Mexican per capita broiler consumption increased by 86 persen, while pork increased by 55 persen.
selain AS. livestock and meat trade is highly integrated with Mexico, but Mexican integration with the U.S. market is rated medium to low due to animal health import restrictions on pork and poultry. selain AS. and Canada are highly integrated with cattle, daging sapi, hogs and pork, but have low integration in poultry and dairy because they continue to have barriers to trade.
Fruit and vegetable market integration is high for the U.S. with Canada and Mexico, except for the ongoing trucking dispute with Mexico. During NAFTA annual Mexican fruit and vegetable exports to the U.S. have more than tripled to $7.1 miliar di 2010, sementara di luar AS. fruit and vegetable exports to Mexico also more than tripled to $984 juta di 2010. For processed foods, market integration is rated as only medium with Mexico, but high with Canada.
Employment gets attention in trade agreements, but net changes in employment are relatively small under NAFTA. FTAs are mostly about improved production efficiencies, higher wages and lower prices for consumers. On an input-output basis, selain AS. NAFTA exports of $32.3 miliar di 2010 should have resulted in 241,000 pekerjaan, using a multiplier of 11,825 jobs per $1 miliar dari ekspor. Productivity gains through higher yields per acre account for much of the increased output at the farm level. Corn yields increased 38 persen, kedelai 20 percent and wheat 15 persen untuk 1991-93 untuk 2007-09. Vegetable yield increases of 30-40 percent are common, but yield increases for fruits have generally been less or none at all. total luar AS. acreage of fruits and vegetables is down slightly over the time period.
Menurut laporan, foreign direct investment (FDI) has flourished in all three countries. selain AS. FDI in Canada in 2009 on a historical cost basis was $5.0 milyar, and FDI in Mexico in 2008 dulu $2.5 milyar. Canadian and Mexican FDI in the U.S. processed food industry were $1.3 miliar dan $3.0 milyar, masing-masing. Majority-owned affiliates of U.S. multinational food companies had sales in 2008 dari $27.6 billion in Canada and $10.9 billion in Mexico. Sales of these companies were 123 percent larger than the value of U.S. processed food exports to the two countries.
The seventeen years of NAFTA has been an economic success, but more market integration in agriculture can be achieved. The NAFTA document does not contain broad policy direction for integration after the last trade barriers were removed. The three governments are working within existing policies to increase cross-border activity. Sanitary and phyto-sanitary rules and regulatory cooperation are central to the ongoing effort to expand trade. NAFTA has a Committee on Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary Measures to push on these issues. Adjustments have also been made in rules-of-origin trade.
The function of NAFTA will also be influenced by unrelated policy issues like border security and immigration. Measures put in place at the borders in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 have increased costs and limited some hours of service, but most firms continue to pursue export markets. Immigration policy changes could influence the availability of legal farm workers and impact decision to produced fruits and vegetables in the U.S. or Mexico and/or Canada.
NAFTA markets are still growing, with an expected increase of 90 million people by 2031, dengan 63 million in the U.S., 22 million in Mexico and 5 million in Canada. Saat itu, the average age of the U.S. population will increase 1.9 years to 38.8 tahun, Kanada 3.5 years to 44.5 tahun, dan Meksiko 7.1 years to 34.2 tahun.
The big transition of NAFTA implementation is over, but the continued development of the three economies will result in new trade policy frictions. In February the Mexican government launched an antidumping investigation of chicken leg and thigh imports. Mexico seeks access to U.S. markets for pork and poultry from regions of Mexico that have been declared free of Classical Swine Fever and Exotic Newcastle Disease. The Food Safety Modernization Act signed by President Obama in January changes how the Food and Drug Administration regulates production and imports of fruits and vegetables. Free trade agreements require ongoing efforts to adjust to changing supply and demand conditions in the affected countries.